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General questions regarding the specifications of the
simulations and external forcings can be directed to Martyn Chipperfield.
Please directly contact the appropriate scientists for questions
regarding specific data sets (see below).
(A)
Summary of the new SPARC Lifetime reference simulations |
CCMs should perform 3 simulations. The timeslice run (REF-C1) is setup exactly the same
way as the CCMVal-2 run REF-B2, with the addition of specified tropospheric OH and extra
diagnostics/tracers. Groups should be able to reuse forcing datafiles prepared for CCMVal-2
in many cases.
B1.
Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in
REF-C1
Greenhouse Gases (N2O,
CH4, and CO2)
from 1950 and 2006. The
file gives
surface volume mixing ratios of CH4 (ppbv), N2O (ppbv) and CO2 (ppmv) from IPCC
[2001]. CH4 has been altered starting on 2002.49 using data from the
NOAA
Cooperative Global Air Samling Netwook to account for the observed
lower growth
rates of CH4 in recent years.
DOWNLOAD
---> Monthly
mean data set (1850 - 2006)
(Contact for questions: Doug Kinnison)
B2.
Halogens
in REF-C1
Surface mixing ratios of Ozone Depleting Substances (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113,
CFC-114, CFC-115, CCl4, CH3CCl3, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b,
Halon1211, Halon1202, Halon1301, Halon2402, CH3Br and CH3Cl) in REF-C1 are taken from Table 5A-3
of WMO [2011]. The mixing ratios are calculated by a box model using yearly emissions
and are given for the middle of the month. The time series does not contain a
yearly variation in mixing ratios. Through 2008 the values are as much as
possible forced to equal global estimates calculated from observations (for
details see Chapter 5 of WMO [2011]). For models that do not
wish to represent all the brominated and chlorinated species in Table 5A-3 of WMO
[2011], the halogen content of species that are considered should be
adjusted such that model inputs for total chlorine and total bromine match the
time series of total chlorine and bromine given in this table.
We also provide time series of HFCs (i.e. non ODSs) from 1979 to 2050.
All HFCs, except HFC-23, are
created based on the High Scenario A1 provided by Guus Velders.
HFC-23 is taken from Miller et al., (ACP
2010) and covers the time period from 1978 to 2009.
DOWNLOAD --->
Monthly
ODS data set (1951 to 2100) based on WMO (2011), Table 5A-3
DOWNLOAD --->
Monthly
HFC data set (1978 to 2050)
(Contact for questions:
Qing Liang)
Emission Fluxes of Additional ODS (CFC-11, CFC-12,
CH3CCl3, HCFC-22). The emission fluxes for the additional (uncoupled) chlorine tracers are
provided in the NetCDF files below, along with a ReadMe file (pdf). There are
two separate files for 1951-1995 and 1996-2010 because the geographical fractionation for CFC-11
and CFC-12 change between the two files. *** We will soon receive new emissions for the period
2002-2010 (based on results in SPARC Report Chapter 4) and when we do so we will update the
emissions files. The current file can still be used for the 2000 timeslice run and to start the
transient run. *** For the 2100 timeslice run (T2100) these emission fluxes should be set to zero.
DOWNLOAD --->
ODS
Emissions 1951-1995
DOWNLOAD --->
ODS
Emissions 1996-2010
DOWNLOAD --->
ReadMe File
(Contact for questions:
Qing Liang)
B3.
Sea
Surface Temperatures and Sea Ice Concentrations in REF-C1
Sea surface temperatures
and sea ice concentrations in REF-C1
are prescribed as monthly mean boundary
conditions following
the global sea ice
concentration and sea surface temperature (HadISST1) data set provided
by the
UK Met Office Hadley Centre [Rayner et al., 2003]. This data set
is
based on blended satellite and in situ observations. To prepare the
data for
use in forcing a model, and in particular to correct for the loss of
variance
due to time-interpolation of monthly mean data, it is recommended that
each
group follows the procedures described on the C20C project web (see http://grads.iges.org/c20c/c20c_forcing/karling_instruct.html).
This describes how to apply the AMIP II variance correction method (see
http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/amip/AMIP2EXPDSN/BCS/amip2bcs.php
for details) to the HadISST1 data.
DOWNLOAD Hadley Centre Sea Ice
and SST data set (HadISST) --->
http://www.hadobs.org/: Follow the
link "Marine Data"
and "HadISST -
Globally
complete sea-ice and sea-surface temperature".
B4.
Solar
Cycle in REF-C1
Solar
Irradiance Data for the
REF-C1 simulations are specified at the SOLARIS
website:
To
account for the highly variable and wavelength-dependent changes in
solar
irradiance, daily spectrally resolved solar irradiance data from 1 Jan
1950 to
31 Dec 2006 (in W/m2/nm) are provided. The data are derived
with the
method described in Lean et al. [2005] and are available with the
following
spectral resolution: 1 nm bins from 0 to 750 nm; 5 nm bins from 750 to
5000 nm;
10 nm bins from 5000 to 10000 nm; 50 nm bins from 10000 to 100000 nm.
Each
modeling group is required to integrate these data over the individual
wavelength intervals (a) in their radiation scheme (to adjust the
shortwave
heating rates) and (b) in their chemistry scheme (to adjust the
photolysis
rates). It is recommended to use the provided solar flux data directly
(integrated
over the respective intervals in the radiation and chemistry schemes),
rather
than a parameterization with the F10.7 cm radio flux previously used.
Additional
information as well as the data can be
found on the SOLARIS website.
GO TO ---> SOLARIS
website to download the data
(Contact for questions: Katja
Matthes)
B5.
Assimilated
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in REF-C1
The
QBO is generally described by zonal wind profiles measured at the
equator. The QBO is an internal mode of variability of the atmosphere
that
dominates the interannual variability in wind in the tropical
stratosphere and
contributes to the variability in the extratropical dynamics. It is
recognized
that the QBO is important for understanding interannual variability in
ozone
and other constituents of the middle atmosphere, in the tropics and
extratropics. Currently only a few atmospheric GCMs or CCMs simulate a
realistic QBO and hence QBO related influences. Simulated QBOs are
generally
independent of observed time series because their phase evolutions are
not
bound by external boundary conditions. Realistic simulated QBOs,
however, have
similar periods, amplitudes and composite structures in observations.
The
assimilation of the QBO, for example by a relaxation of zonal winds in
the QBO
domain ("nudging"), hence may be useful for two reasons: First to
obtain a QBO in GCMs that do not simulate the QBO internally, so that
for
example QBO effects on the general circulation are present; and second
to
synchronize the QBO simulated in a GCM with a given QBO time series, so
that
simulated QBO effects, for example on ozone, can be compared to
observed
signals.
GO TO ---> QBO
website to download the data
(Contact for questions: Marco Giorgetta)
B6.
Surface Sulphate
Area
Densities (SADs) in REF-C1
Surface Sulphate Area
Densitites (SADs) from observations are considered in
REF-C1. A
monthly zonal mean time series
for SADs from 1979 to 2004 was created using data from the SAGE I, SAGE
II, SAM
II, and SME instruments (units square microns per cubic centimeter).
This time
series was published in SPARC [2006]. In addition, uncertainties of the
SAGE II
data set are described in detail in Thomason et al. [2007]. The
altitude
and latitude range of this data set is 12 - 40 km and 80°S –
80°N
respectively. The SPARC SAD data set does have data gaps, which occur
mainly in
lower tropical altitudes (below 16 km) and during the El Chichón
period. Above
26 km there are large data gaps in the mid-to-high latitude region.
There are
also missing data at all altitudes in the high latitude polar regions.
The NCAR
group modified this new SPARC SAD data set for CCM applications by
filling the
missing data using a linear interpolation approach in altitude and
latitude.
Large gaps of data above 26 km were filled with background values of
0.01
square microns per cubic centimeter. The gaps in the upper troposphere,
tropical latitudes, between 1982 and 1984 were not filled. Missing
values are
indicated with values lower and equal 0.
For
the period between 1950-1962, 1968-1979, and
2005-2100, monthly means of a five-year period 1998 to 2002 with
background
aerosols were adopted. Further, the Agung eruption in 1963 was
implemented (by
Andrea Stenke). As a remedy we follow the method described in
Dameris et al.
[2005]. The well documented years following the eruption of
DOWNLOAD ---> SAD
data set 1950 to 2100 (14.6 MB)
(Contact for questions: Simone
Tilmes and Doug
Kinnison)
B7.
Heating rates
from
volcanic aerosol in REF-C1
Stratospheric warming and
tropospheric-surface cooling due to volcanic eruptions are either calculated
on line by using aerosol data or by prescribing heating rates and
surface
forcing. For those models that don’t calculate this effect online,
pre-calculated zonal mean aerosol heating rates (K/day) and net surface
radiative forcing (W/m2) monthly means from January 1950 to
December
1999 for all-sky condition are available on the CCMVal website. They
were
calculated using volcanic aerosol parameters from Sato et al.
[1993], Hansen
et al. [2002] and GISS ModelE radiative routines and climatology [Schmidt
et al., 2006; G. Stenchikov and L. Oman, pers.
communication,
2007]. In addition to the larger eruption (Agung, 1963; El
Chichón, 1982;
Pinatubo, 1991) smaller ones like Fernandina (1968 in Galapagos) and
Fuego
(1974 in
DOWNLOAD
---> hrates_readascii.f,
hrates.ascii,
sfc_forcing.ascii
(Contact for questions: Gera Stenchikov)
B8.
Ozone
and Aerosol Precursors in REF-C1
Emissions
of ozone and aerosol precursors (CO, NMVOC, NOx and
SO2) are averaged over the years 1998 to 2000 and are taken
from an
extended data set of the REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical
composition
(RETRO) project [Schultz et al., 2007, see http://retro.enes.org]. The RETRO
emissions
inventory is a comprehensive global gridded data set for anthropogenic
and
wildfire emissions over the past 40 years. The data set comprises a
high level
of detail in the speciation of NMVOC compounds. The data originates
from a
large variety of sources, including the TNO TEAM inventory, information
on
burnt area statistics, the regional fire model Reg-FIRM, and satellite
data. In
case of SO2, RETRO only provides biomass burning related
emissions.
Therefore, this data is combined with an interpolated version of
EDGAR-HYDE 1.3
[Van Aardenne et al., 2001] and EDGAR 32FT2000 [Olivier et al.,
2005; Van Aardenne et al., 2005]. For the spin-up period from
1950 to
1959 we recommend using the 1960 values from this data set. The data
set will
be extended through 2006 by using trend estimates and will be harmonized
so that regional totals are the same as in RETRO for the year 2000.
GO TO
---> Ozone
and aerosol precursor website to download the data
(Contact for questions: Andreas Baumgärnter)
B9.
Tropospheric
OH
Tropospheric
OH
Models which do not calculate their own realistic
values of tropospheric OH should read in the reference fields supplied here.
This approach was used in the recent TransCom CH4 intercomparison study (Patra et al., 2011).
GO TO
---> OH
data
C1.
Other Forcings
in T2000
C2.
Halogens
in T2000
Use values for 2000 from forcing files for REF-C1.
Surface mixing ratios of Ozone Depleting Substances (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs etc).
Use values for January 2000 from forcing files for REF-C1 (above).
Emission Fluxes of Additional ODS (CFC-11, CFC-12,
CH3CCl3, HCFC-22). Use values for 2000 (see REF-C1 forcings above).
D1.
Other Forcings
in T2100
D2. Halogens in T2100 Last
modified: September 1, 2011
The T2100 runs should be initialised using output from your CCMVal-2
REF B-2 run for 2100.
The run should then use the 2100 GHG/SST forcings
for CCMVal-2 B-2 perpetually.
Surface mixing ratios of Ozone Depleting Substances (CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs etc).
Use values for January 2100 from forcing files for REF-C1 (above).
The additional emission-based ODS tracers (CFC-11, CFC-12, CH3CCl3, HCFC-22)
should be initialised using the January 2100
output from the CCMVal REF B-2 run (i.e. the same distribution as the surface vmr
tracers) EXCEPT for CH3CCl3 will be be zero by this time. CH3CCl3 should be initialised
using the January 2000 values used in the T2100 timeslice run.
The Emission fluxes
of these additional ODS tracers should be set to zero (see section B2). These tracers
will then behave as time-decaying tracers.
by Martyn Chipperfield